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Mandatory Jail Sentence free essay sample

Numerous lives would be spared via vehicle crashes each year. In the event that they are placed into prison for at any rate 48 hours or more, they would gain from their missteps in all probability and wont do it once more. Posted by: Anonymous Report Post LikeReply 0 * If there was more in question for individuals, they would be progressively reluctant about settling on awful choices. Flushed driving is an immediate consequence of terrible choices. It doesnt happen coincidentally, and the individuals causing it are not casualties. In the event that the discipline for this horrendous wrongdoing is harsher, perhaps individuals would think more and rule against getting behind a haggle flippant. Posted by: 4uncLife Report Post LikeReply 0 * Since most alcoholic drivers are in any case non-criminal normal residents, I do think a required prison sentence would diminish alcoholic driving. I don't feel that a little fine and impermanent suspension of your drivers permit is a precarious enough discipline to viably deflect alcoholic driving. However, I do imagine that a compulsory prison sentence would debilitate the normal resident from carrying out that wrongdoing. Posted by: ToughEfrain26 Report Post LikeReply 0 * Jail prevents the individuals who are at present liberated and the individuals who served the time. A significant number of the instances of alcoholic driving are recurrent guilty parties who got alerts, fines, or focuses on their licenses that drove up their accident coverage rates and other financial fines yet once in a while anything that made them quit driving alcoholic. Required prison time for alcoholic driving actually drives the exercise home, that alcoholic driving will remove the alcoholic driver from their life. Expanding the prison time per occurrence additionally shows the expanding punishment for the choice and removes the mercy of certain adjudicators who give a slap on the wrist until somebody is killed. Posted by: Pir4And Report Post LikeReply 0 48 hours is a slap on the wrist to a few. Being from a rustic territory, numerous individuals devour liquor in light of the fact that there is essentially, nothing else to do. These equivalent individuals battle, drive and do different negligent acts on the grounds that their cerebrum isn't handling the full concequences of their activities. Individuals like this have run-ins with the law all the time, so 48 hours in prison is a slap on the wrist to them. Two years back two little fellows were riding an ATV out and about in this equivalent provincial town when they were struck and murdered by an alcoholic driver. This would have never happened had he been detained for a couple of months. Relatively few individuals can have a genuine extraordinary encounter inside two days. at the point when 211 kids kick the bucket in one year because of alcoholic driving then something must be done to keep alcoholic driving from ever occuring. Sooner or later individuals will understand that alcoholic drivers are a danger to society and ought to be bolted up for a long peoriod of time with the goal that they can not hurt anybody, and ideally alter their way of life. Posted by: Anonymous Report Post LikeReply 0 * I concur totally that an obligatory prison sentence on the primary offense would diminish the quantity of smashed drivers. In the event that you have a compulsory sentence individuals would be less inclined to drive impaired, they would bound to remain at home or utilize the basic thought of an assigned driver. There are recurrent wrongdoers I realize that havent done a touch of jailtime for their wrongdoings they despite everything drive drunk. They dont discover the punishments that awful on the grounds that they havent been appropriately rebuffed. There are a chosen few who gain from their slip-ups yet that is rare. The medications last 30 to 90 days and most heavy drinkers simply go throught the paces and proceed on their cheerful way. The treatment plans arent working, so why not attempt this? Posted by: Anonymous Report Post LikeReply 0 * An obligatory prison sentence would help decline the examples of alcoholic driving, since individuals would be increasingly cautious. You have an assortment of individuals who get halted for alcoholic driving. A compulsory prison sentence would help decline the cases of alcoholic driving for those individuals who are increasingly easygoing, or just social, consumers. It may help a portion of the individuals who love to party, yet it is difficult to state. Nothing would stop the individuals who are heavy drinkers. Posted by: eyeslikethat Report Post LikeReply 0 Yes, an obligatory prison sentence will diminish the cases of alcoholic driving, in light of the fact that the culprits will be sitting in prison, rather than driving alcoholic on our avenues. It has been appeared, again and again, that individuals who drive alcoholic are regularly recurrent guilty parties. They do this ag ain and again. I dont know whether a spell in prison will prevent them from driving under the influence, however at any rate it will expel them from the lanes, with the goal that they are not out there doing likewise. I am certain that, for heaps of individuals, the danger of a programmed prison sentence will likewise make them mull over driving drunk, or letting a companion or relative beverage or drive. Posted by: I0ckHead Report Post LikeReply 0 * I accept alcoholic drivers ought to be detained on the main offense If there was an obligatory prison sentence for alcoholic drivers, there would be less of them on our streets. On normal an alcoholic driver drives multiple times while inebriated before being pulled over. And afterward they get pulled over, and get an admonition, or fine, or focuses on their permit. That is it. In the event that they have driven flushed before they most likely will again if all they get is an admonition. Consider all your friends and family out and about every day, they are being placed at risk for being hit by an alcoholic driver. nd youre saying its alright for individuals that drive alcoholic to get a slap on the wrist! Whenever alcoholic drivers go to prison, in any event, for 48 hours, they most likely wont do it once more. Posted by: Anonymous Report Post LikeReply 0 * Because many alcoholic drivers don't view themselves as crooks, a prison sentence would re-outline the way the open ponders alcoholic driving a failure to comprehend the issues at hand as well as a wrongdoing. Above all else, drinking is an intrinsic piece of our way of life and the line between social driving drunk alcoholic can be a troublesome one to pass judgment, urging numerous to not pay attention to alcoholic driving. Also, numerous consumers who may get a DUI don't participate in other crime and don't believe drinking or its outcomes to be a criminal offense. Appending a prison sentence to a DUI would re-outline the manner in which consumers and the overall population see a DUI and power them consider the outcomes all the more truly. A prison term conveys an a lot heavier discipline (just as social disgrace) than the typical disciplines for a DUI offense which would make it successful as a way to lessen driving affected by liquor. Posted by: PeytonW Report Post LikeReply 0 * You could wind up murdering sombody If you simply get a slap on the wrist you will be encouraged just to drive inebriated once more. I mean think about your friends and family who are continually playing in your yard and a tanked driver came slamming through your fence and slaughters your children? how might that cause you to feel? As I would see it they ought to go to prison for in any event a couple of days so when they get out they understand what they did wasn't right and it would urge them to never drive inebriated again. Posted by: Anonymous Report Post LikeReply 0 I accept a compulsory prison sentence would diminish occurrences of alcoholic driving definitely in light of the fact that it would set up an unmistakable negative ramification for their conduct. When there is a compulsory sentence connected to a wrongdoing people are bound to reconsider before doing it. On the off chance that an individual realizes that there is more possibility than not of them going to prison they are more averse to do it as a result of the conditions that would make, for example, losing your drivers permit, employment, kids and conceivably your mate. The vast majority would state that driving drunk does not merit taking a chance with the loss of each one of those things. Posted by: N4nClar Report Post LikeReply 0 * Driving impaired is a decision and any hindrance is completely justified. I firmly accept that there ought to be zero resilience for driving affected by liquor. A compulsory prison sentence would send an unmistakable message that it is inadmissible conduct and individuals may reconsider before doing it. The individuals who make the best decision have nothing to fear. Posted by: Mo2esDonaId Report Post LikeReply 0 * People are characteristically terrified of prison, so a compulsory sentence would help. A progressively serious discipline would in all likelihood decline the occurrences of alcoholic driving, somewhat. Individuals can manage fines and network administration, however prison is something that no individual needs to encounter. The way that ambushes happen in prison isnt extremely reasonable, and should be tended to more completely than it has been. Be that as it may, it makes many unnerved and, all things considered, prevents individuals from perpetrating serious wrongdoings. Posted by: TwoVic Report Post LikeReply 0 * I concur with your conclusion. A prison sentence would be useful in diminishing medication driving. I concur on the grounds that these days, plastered driving isn't a wrongdoing. They offer cash to court and that settles that case. At that point here and there they rehash this. Obligatory prison sentence help decline the occurrences of alcoholic driving. Posted by: 5h4ngMaxi Report Post LikeReply 0 * Jail sentences will diminish alcoholic driving occasions. Prison sentences are generally successful in alarming individuals from doing certain things. Since individuals with criminal records have less openings for work and constrained fates, individuals will by and large abstain from doing things that will get them detained, for example, murder, assault, and vandalism. On the off chance that you begin detaining individuals for alcoholic driving too, at that point you will see an emotional lessening around there. Posted by: N0bIatina Report Post LikeReply 0 * A no-resistance arrangement on alcoholic driving would make individuals disapprove all the more truly. Driving drunk has added to a huge number of mishaps, wounds, and passings. As I would like to think, I accept an obligatory prison sentence for indicted guilty parties would make individuals genuinely think about the results of driving under the influence. Adopting a genuine common strategy to the offense would make loved ones view drinking a

How to Cope When Youre Alone on New Years Eve

How to Cope When You're Alone on New Year's Eve Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print 10 Tips to Beat Loneliness on New Years Eve By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on October 18, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children brydieleishman / Getty Images New Years Eve can be a difficult holiday to spend alone. Its a day that most people spend with significant others, loved ones, or friends and is usually associated with festive parties and celebrations surrounded by many people. If you experience social anxiety or are coping with social anxiety disorder (SAD), your emotional stress and physical symptoms like muscle tension and a rapid heartbeat may feel heightened during holidays like these. But just because youre ringing in the new year your own way doesnt mean you have to suffer. Whether youre spending New Years Eve alone because of social anxiety or for other reasons, here are 10 ways to prevent yourself from feeling down. Reframe Negative Thoughts For some people, dwelling on being solo during New Years Eve is inevitable. But you can use this time as an opportunity to try a cognitive behavioral therapy technique. When a negative thought pops into your head, identify it, evaluate it, then flip it to something positive. For example, although youre solo this New Years Eve, that  doesnt mean youll be alone next year. And while you might feel like the only one without someone to celebrate with, remember that many others are in your situation. This mental shift can be an effective way to cope with social anxiety.?? Reflect on the Year The last day of the year is a perfect  time for self-reflection. Being on your own offers a unique opportunity for honest introspection that you wouldnt get if you were around a group of people. Congratulate yourself on successes and achievements whether they were big or small. If you feel youve done well, treat yourself. For example: Purchase a wellness product, such as an essential oil diffuser or massage.Go out for a special dinner (or treat yourself to take-away).Buy book youve been meaning to read (And if you cant wait to dig in, consider an e-reader version).Book an adventurous trip for the new year. If the year hasnt gone that well in your opinion, consider what was unfavorable and how you can improve next year. Remember that everyone has setbacks along the path to their goals. As long as you start each day with the possibility of success and continue to look forward, youll eventually get to where you want to be. Watch Fireworks If there are fireworks at a public venue in your area, consider going to watch them. Spending  time with a crowd of people may help to alleviate feelings of loneliness and watching fireworks could lift your spirits. If you have a fear of crowds, this type of exposure exercise could also be helpful for working on your anxiety. Read a Book If you enjoy quiet nights at home, why not treat this like just another one of those nights? Choose a good book that you cant put down and spend the night reading. If you really want to get a jump start on making improvements for the following year, you can opt for a self-help book that focuses on interpersonal skills. Make Resolutions New Years Eve is a terrific time to craft resolutions. These can be about anything from general life improvements to specific concerns related to social anxiety. Remember that it doesnt have to be a novel of dramatic changes; a short, but realistic list of goals is actually more effective. Some resolutions to help your  social anxiety might include: Develop healthy lifestyle habits like eating well, getting lots of sleep, and exercising regularly.Work on improving your social skills, starting with how to make productive small talk.Face challenging situations rather than avoid them. Say yes instead of no.Develop assertiveness to help improve your confidence.Be grateful for what you have; appreciate the many talents and skills you possess.Vow to make a change. Get help for your SAD symptoms from a professional or connect with others through support groups and forums. You might even consider using a self-help book to overcome anxiety. How to Stick to Your New Years Resolutions Accept an Invitation You Turned Down Perhaps you received an invite to which you automatically replied no. Maybe you would have been a single among couples or the thought of spending the evening with a group felt like too much pressure. But it isnt too late to go back and say: Yes! Consider it a chance to work on your social skills and usher in the new year with a resolution to attend more social functions. How to Deal With Social Anxiety at a Party Rent Movies and Watch the Ball Drop If youre staying in, consider ordering takeout, renting a movie (consider NYE classics like When Harry Met Sally or Oceans Eleven), and watching the ball drop in Times Square. These are solitary activities that give you the flavor of the holiday and help you feel like youre participating from your own comfort zone. Plan Some Phone Calls for Midnight Have people call you or plan on calling others right before midnight so that you have someone with whom to share the countdown. You dont have to stay on the phone for longâ€"just ring in the New Year and then get back to your own solo celebration. Connect in Real-Time on Social Media If there isnt anyone who you can call on New Years Eve, connect with others in real-time on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Watch as people around the world post New Years updates and ring in the New Year through different time zones. Do Something Mundane New Years Eve really is just another night. Consider leaning into that fact and spend it doing evening activities youd usually do and ignoring the hype surrounding the holiday. Clean your house, organize your office, cook a new recipe, or catch up on your sleep. Dont let tradition dictate your choices if you dont feel up to celebrating. A Word From Verywell Sometimes, despite your best intentions, you may find that holidays such as New Years Eve cause you to feel more despair than happiness. This can be a result of something known as the broken promises effect, in which high expectations for a holiday or a particular time of year can cause you to feel as though things should be better than they are. Perhaps you expected this new year to bring about changes and yet, you still feel just as anxious as before. To avoid falling into this trap, try not to have unrealistic expectations about New Years Eveâ€"or any holiday for that matter. And if you find that your social anxiety is hindering your ability to live the life you want, make a plan to reach out for help in the coming days. How to Cope When You Are Alone at Christmas

The Story Of The Uva Campus Rape - 864 Words

Journalist are so focused on getting a â€Å"hot† story that they forget one of the most important principles of journalism, which is the notion of objectivity. Objectivity is described, as â€Å"an objective journalist is one who is detached, neutral, impartial, and unbiased† (Knowlton 45). When Rolling Stone had Steve Coll and his crew investigate the story that was one of the first problems found in the story of the UVA campus rape. Sabrina Rubin Erdely was in search of a â€Å"college rape case that would show â€Å"what it’s like to be on campus now† (Coronel). When Erdely found a story she just went with it, she did not research enough to make sure the story was credible. From the beginning of the whole process of the story she already started off unbiased and not neutral to the true facts of the story. A Journalist must be unbiased but they also have to check their sources to make sure they are credible. â€Å"To working journalist, the procedures of verification and attribution are as automatic as breathing in and out.† (Knowlton 56) This is another thing the Erdely and the Rolling Stone fact checker failed to do. Erdely failed to follow up with her sources and make sure they were credible sources. Instead â€Å"she felt the student (â€Å"Jackie†) had this stamp of credibility† because a university employee had connected them† (Coronel). Than as for the fact-checker which job is to â€Å"review a writer’s story after it has been drafted, to double-check details like dates and physical description†Show MoreRelatedThe Rolling Stone Uva Rape Story996 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors to consider when examining the situation of publishing the Rolling Stone UVA rape story. The three theories used to examine more closely the ethical decision the ed itor had when publishing the story are Kantian perspective, virtue ethics and the Utilitarianism approach, as well as the pros and cons of the situation. Had the story she published been a completely true story it could have shown a light on UVA to perhaps help Jackie and many others that have been victims of sexual assaults andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Rolling Stone Magazine 2060 Words   |  9 PagesThrough poor journalistic choices, Rolling Stone Magazine has landed in some hot water with the publication of the article A Rape on Campus, regarding the alleged gang rape that took place at the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity house located on the University of Virginia’s campus two years ago. Because of their lack of neutral reporting, Rolling Stone will most likely be potentially facing multiple liable lawsuits brought against them in the near future. 1. I believe that Rolling Stone defamed the fraternityRead MoreSexual Assault, Rape, And Rape1644 Words   |  7 PagesAssault Sexual coercion, sexual assault, and rape are acts of violence with numerous physical and mental health consequences (Helgeson, 430). It is important for future generations to be informed about these topics so that we can it prevent it from continuing. Sexual assaults are a rising problem for female teens on college campuses because of the discrepancies with the no means no policy, reoccurring problems with college fraternities, and today’s â€Å"rape† culture enabling sexual assault. It all startedRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Campus Sexual Assault1838 Words   |  8 PagesHsu Myat Noe Writing 150 (64780) Spring 2016 Writing Project 1 Accuracy or Advocacy: The Dilemma of Campus Sexual Assault A young woman carried a 50-pound mattress onto the stage at a graduation ceremony in Columbia University. Known as the â€Å"Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)†, Emma Sulkowicz started carrying the mattress everywhere she went on campus in an attempt to expel a classmate who was found not responsible for sexually assaulting her (LATimes). She became an instant media sensationRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Assault On College Campuses2417 Words   |  10 Pagesone of you will become a victim of sexual assault. For years, schools have struggled with figuring out how to handle this epidemic. Many schools just don’t focus on sexual assault; for example, according to Rolling Stone’s article, Rolling Stone and UVA: The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Report by Sheila Coronel, Steve Coll, and Derek Kravitz, The University of Virginia has expelled 183 students for academic dishonesty and 0 students for sexual assault. This shows how policymakersRe ad MoreAnalysis Of The Xyz Express By Sanday Relays Essay1753 Words   |  8 Pagesand reflect inwardly about our values before we can make a legitimate social change. Below, I discuss three quotations that present issues especially relevant to college campus sexual assault, and how the authors’ discussion of these topics has affected me emotionally and intellectually. In â€Å"The XYZ Express†, Sanday relays the stories of two women intimately involved in the culture of a typical fraternity and its brothers. One woman, Alice, expresses opinions consistent with the normalization of victim

Childhood - 1618 Words

EYMP1: Context and principles for early years provision 1.1. Explain the legal status and principles of the relevant early years framework/s, and how national and local guidance materials are used in settings. (Relevant early years framework: This refers to the frameworks for early years provision used within the relevant UK Home Nation.) The early years framework in England is the EYFS. The early year’s foundation stage consists of a statutory curriculum for children from birth to 5years. All child care providers must use the early year’s foundation stage to ensure a consistent and flexible approach to children’s care, learning and development in order for the child to meet the five every child matters outcomes. The welfare†¦show more content†¦* Skills:- Observation and judgement and empathy and understanding * Knowledge:- Understand context, understand how babies, children and young people develop and be clear about your own role * Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of the child and young person. * Skills:- Relate, recognise and take considered action, communication, recording and reporting and personal skills * Knowledge:- Legal and procedural frameworks, wider context of services and Self understanding * Supporting transitions. * Skills: - Ide ntify transitions and provide support. * Knowledge: - How children and young people respond to change and when and how to intervene. * Multi - agency working. * Skills:- Communication, teamwork and assertiveness * Knowledge:- Your role and procedures and working methods * Sharing information. * Skills: - Information handling. * Knowledge: - The importance of information sharing and roles and responsibilities. * country specific: statutory or guidance) * See 1.1 * 1.3. Explain why early years frameworks emphasise a personal and individual approach to learning and development. The emphasis is on the individual and how we can adapt to personalise activities and the care weShow MoreRelatedChildhood Development : Middle Childhood1269 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Childhood Development The middle childhood is to leave the play years to start maturing years to start adolescence (Berk, 2010). During the middle childhood, children began to have a lot physical changes. As well as, they begin to discover there identify that they are. For example, secondary sexual organs begin to develop in the boys and girls, they will confuse about identify. The puberty is the cycle when children are out of control because they will transition to leave the children to enterRead More Childhood1804 Words   |  8 PagesAt its fundamental level, adulthood is simply the end of childhood, and the two stages are, by all accounts, drastically different. In the major works of poetry by William Blake and William Wordsworth, the dynamic between these two phases of life is analyzed and articulated. In both Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience and many of Wordsworth’s works, childhood is portrayed as a superior state of mental capacity and freedom. The two poets echo one ano ther in asserting that the individual’sRead MoreEarly Childhood : Childhood Development1494 Words   |  6 PagesEarly childhood development Early childhood is the the time period when a child opens his eyes in the world and it continues upto the age of 8 years old (Masten et al. â€Å"NAME OF ARTICLE†)This is really the time in which the brain of the child starts growing and basis for the subsequences of development. Early childhood period starts at home the very first stages of life. Parents have a great role in childhood development. 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During early childhood, the brain and body are growing, learning, developing, and adapting to the environment that they are placed in. These developments are fairly constant through human history and therefore, there have been many studies and observations done to betterRead MoreDiscourses in Childhood1544 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscourses of childhood and suggest the ways that they can have an impact on childrens lives. The concept of discourse is the key to understanding a social constructionist approach to childhood. A discourse is an independent set of interrelated ideas held by a particular ideology or worldview. The social constructionist approach tries to describe the different ways in which knowledge of children and childhoods are constructed. Different discourses of childhood have different ideas of childhood which hasRead MoreThe Immigration And A Childhood928 Words   |  4 Pagesone place and assimilate different aspects of their life in one sociology. The immigration and a childhood have similar characteristics. Like immigration, childhood is the process of continual development. In our childhood, we experience many different situations and add something new to our personal characteristics. Therefore, in her essay â€Å"Speaking in Tongues,† when Zadie Smith says, â€Å"My own childhood †¦ [is] the synthesis of disparate things, (1)† she means that she is a synthesis of her biologyRead MoreThe Importance Of Childhood1085 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood is best defined as a transitional period when a child learns the social and behavioral aspects of life as well as his or her own beliefs. As stated in Journal of Marriage and Family, the relationship between adults and children is arguably the most i mpactful aspect of childhood. The way in which a parent raises their child will affect the type of person they become in the future. Learning to be a sociable person will help children one make friends and partnerships in the future. HavingRead MoreChildhood Is More Precious Than Childhood Essay2199 Words   |  9 Pagesprecious than childhood. It is a time full of innocence, love, light and freedom with little to no worries. Childhood has not always been described as this, full of hope and dreams and aspirations, the time to just have fun and not to worry about the future, or wealth. Before the 1800s, childhood was not a thing and children were just seen as miniature adults, with no value, other than to carry on families. It was not until after the 1800s were childhood become a national phenomenon. Childhood is set toRead MoreChildhood Education : Early Childhood Special Education Essay1266 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Special education Name: Institution: Early Childhood Special education 1-The role of play in learning in early childhood Special Education Play is usually a natural activity in early childhood and has significant importance in early childhood special education. Play assists in enhancing the children social competence, creativity, language development, and their thinking skills. Play is usually the key vehicle for the developing of language, social skulls in young

Public Management Chinese Capital

Question: Discuss about the Public Managementfor Chinese Capital. Answer: Introduction The year 2014 has been an unsavoury one for Malaysia Airlines. On March 8, 2014, Flight 370 from Kuala Lumpur set out toward the Chinese capital, Beijing, lost contact with air-movement controllers not as much as an hour after take-off, and was nowhere to be found from radar screens by and by. What took after was an unusual transnational request transversely over a million square miles that cost an enormous number of dollars in what has wound up being one of the best flying privileged insights ever.After the disappearance of the MH370, the air ship passed on authority sensitivities to the family of the 239 people who had been prepared - by text. The most basic accomplice in a flying crisis is the family. Malaysia Airlines scratched no longer working on this issue, however, didn't understand a way to deal with talking with relatives in a way that was human to uncover to them their loved ones were accepted dead (Vatsyayana, 2014). Discussion Response Malaysia Airlines hurried to develop a crisis trades home base for purchasers to reach via the Malaysian Airlines website. This website transformed into the viewpoint for any update on flight MH370 is up 'til now used at present to pass on MH370 info, progressions and press releases to customers. Additionally, Malaysian Airlines utilized Twitter and Facebook as social media stages to scatter swift, reasonable and brief posts to the great public get-together of individuals. Both these communiqu mediums were accompanied by genuine and minding correspondence from both the Malaysian Airlines positioning staff people talking in light of a legitimate concern for the entire association, with the Malaysia Airlines Public Relations amass surrounding the substance (BBC News, 2017). Malaysia Airlines took after the book in their response to the MH370 disappearing. They expressed lament via their correspondence phases, stayed cautious over compulsion until the aftereffect of MH370 was settled, and attempted to remediate the condition as most perfect as by serving the gatherings of those incorporated into the remarkable disaster via the headway of a Family Support Centre. Finally on January 29th this year Malaysian Airlines articulated flight MH370 to be acknowledged absent in the Southern Indian Ocean, and all explorers and group accepted died. Formally seeing the vanishing of Flight MH370 empowered Malaysia Airlines to begin recompense shapes for relatives and nearest relation of those lives lost. This decision to articulate the aftereffect of Flight MH370 in like manner comforted the public that commitment would be taken, both for the lives of voyagers and the destiny of the plane. The hunt for flight MH370 continues to be a critical requirement for Malaysian A irlines and governments helping the request (Watts, 2014). PR mistakes The underlying 48 hours of a crisis are the most fundamental for a relationship as it intends to guarantee people that it could oversee, and resolve, the crisis. It is nowadays that people would pick regardless of whether to support the relationship in an awful position. A failure to act unequivocally and with leadership could achieve energizing stun and blame(Swallow, 2014). In the relating PR pros, the stock of difficulties is colossal. Authorised spokespersons for both the Malaysian government and the flying machine laid out much of the time deficient and inside clashing records, abrading kin of voyagers and undermining trust in their future callings. They blundered in their communications with an asking for overall media, appearing to be lumbering, perplexed and not as much as direct. It is obviously that the Malaysian specialists conferred some essential thing PR blunders to make a public relations disaster which would continue going for periods(Mintz, 2014). From the earliest starting point, it was clear the Malaysians had vilified the overall interest that a transporter disaster makes. In case the same were to happen in the UK, the basic staples like the measure of the press conference room would be adequately far reaching to oblige the various essayists going to. Each press conference was shambolic. Clashing information was a key component of the trade among media and specialists. The point of fact, the story was a fast propelling meal yet it's pressing that leaders could cling to the substances and not get crashed theories and gossipy goodies. The open forum course of action of a press conference is okay when the realities are clear. Concurring with wild speculation about suicides, mental oppression and revolt voyagers was a howler. The gatherings of the missing explorers were kept discrete and penned elsewhere by being pushed at the back of the room (in case they were allowed in by any extend of the creative energy). The dehumanizing presentation of security qualities bundling irritated, energetic relatives in the look of the world's media was a dazzling PR disaster and does nothing to consider the Malaysian government. The splendid oversee of crisis management is to ensure made, and calm rational people are especially exhorted. What the public got was a few harsh and rushed characters running the show(Culbertson, 2016). Notwithstanding the truth Malaysian Airlines uses different PR workplaces, it evacuated the specialists and went just it. This was a mistake. Brands should search for obvious appeal from crisis management specialists who could bring a free, clinical point of view of the condition. Likewise, it suggests that if the PR is insufficiently managed the workplace could be blamed rather than the brand or affiliation(Bennett, 2017). The Chamberlain-esque picture of Hishammuddin Hussein, the acting transport minister, spreading out collapsed a bit of paper and holding it on high triumphantly is one that would go down in the records of PR tales. There is no sensible inspiration to grant the conceivable death of a relative by methods for SMS. There is no convincing motivation to build up the measure of a PR socially ungainly act this is. For sure, it's not even a PR issue it's a human issue. Time should be distributed for the media to make a request in a sensible game plan. Empowering themselves to be trawled by swarms of media contact and after that attracting and estimating further while in travel out of the setting was a praiseworthy slip(Raymond, 2014). The example of missing flight MH370 would be discussed for a significant period ahead. Something in like manner unveils to me the lessons drawn from the PR activity incorporating the mystery would moreover be discussed by public relations specialists to the extent crisis management dealing with. Recommendations What Malaysian Airlines could have done Malaysian Airlines could have formed and grasped a more clear administration of this flying crisis. In expressing this, in any case, observe that flying crisis management has its structures of exhorting specialists, organizing request and secure gatherings, achieving nearest relative et cetera. Malaysia Airlines took after these traditions yet in a position like the disappearing of Flight MH370, timing is everything. Malaysian Airlines reacted in a propitious manner, keeping an eye on the public via a movement of press releases; 6 clarifications in the underlying 24 hours of Flight MH370 vanishing(West, 2014). What each of these presentations required, be that as it may, was full introduction. Every single media proclamation from Malaysian Airlines basically enclosed the facts they contemplated, which was little to nothing. What was lost from these certified declarations was Malaysian Airlines' information on the position of Flight MH370. This was Malaysian Airlines at first denunciation, not being absolutely bona fide and neglects to thoroughly bare the unsurely condition of the case and totally of Flight MH370's vanishing (Kalb, 2014). In a condition where each person required solutions, yet nothing could be arranged, Malaysian Airlines persisted appropriating the facts that they pondered, yet never acknowledged to knowing much else. For kinsfolks, this would have been unpleasant. Dependability from Malaysian Airlines would have passed on more than exchanging essential inconspicuous components that gave no snippets of data to the location of this lost flight. Declaring that Malaysian Airlines did not understand where Flight MH370 was and that they were occupied with the best social affairs to come across Flight MH370 would have displayed a more justified message than submerging the media with a practically identical data time and again (Thomas, 2015). An improved answer by Malaysian Airlines must have been the utilization of one clear, solid voice that repentantly surrendered the helplessness and unusual character of the condition direct to customers and the nearest relative of explorers and gathering on board. Keeping customers negligent is never the correct course of action. Validity, even in this condition, would have been the best system. Yielding the method for Malaysia Airlines' learning of the location of Flight MH370 would no ifs ands or buts have been mortifying for the association, yet in the whole deal, the decision to totally expose the state of affairs to the public would have bolstered despairing suffering relatives, and would possibly have kept up a vital separation from over the top speculation as to the plane's disappearing (Pearson, 2014). Conclusion Malaysian Airlines legitimately did what they accepted was superlative at the time, given the intriguing method for the lost Flight MH370, however, possibly little alterations to their crisis management system would have had a remarkable impact. Purchasers, principally those with lives lost must constantly continue as a necessity, and from various perspectives, it shows up Malaysian Airlines focused on more over their photo than their clients. For a significant period to come in any case, evidently, future air transportation crisis game plans would be shown and worked about the peaks and downfalls of Malaysia Airline's administration of Flight MH370. References Bennett, J. (2017).MH370 three years of crisis communications lessons - INFLUENCE.INFLUENCE. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://influence.cipr.co.uk/2017/03/08/mh370-three-years-crisis-communications-lessons/ Culbertson, A. (2016).Malaysia Airlines admits it 'made mistakes' over handling of missing MH370.Express.co.uk. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/653727/Malaysia-Airlines-made-mistakes-handling-MH370 Kalb, I. (2014).Here's How Malaysia Airlines' Response To The Missing Plane Could Tarnish Its Brand.Business Insider. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.businessinsider.com/malaysian-airlines-mishandles-the-crisis-to-tarnish-its-brand-2014-3?IR=T Mintz, Z. (2014).A Disastrous Void: Why The MH370 Public Response Failed.International Business Times. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.ibtimes.com/disastrous-void-why-mh370-public-response-failed-1598774 BBC News. (2017).Missing Malaysia plane MH370: What we know - BBC News. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26503141 Pearson, M. (2014).6 missteps in Malaysia Flight 370 investigation - CNN.com.CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/2014/04/01/world/asia/malaysia-plane-missteps/index.html?iid=article_sidebar Raymond, A. (2014).A Timeline of the Malaysian Governments Many, Many MH370 Screw-Ups.https://nymag.com. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/04/malaysian-governments-many-mh370-screw-ups.html Swallow, J. (2014).Malaysias MH370 crisis bungle.NewsComAu. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/news/missing-malaysia-airlines-plane-how-the-search-has-become-a-bad-example-of-crisis-management/news-story/6e7c4ff8fabed2331512f2303082def4 Thomas, M. (2015).MH370 One Year On: A Lesson in Crisis Management SAMMPress.Sammpress.com. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.sammpress.com/2015/03/mh370-one-year-on-a-lesson-in-crisis-management/ Vatsyayana, M. (2014).Malaysia Airlines Struggles 1 Year After Flight 370 Vanishes.Time.com. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://time.com/3734928/malaysia-airlines-flight-370-mh370-disappearance-anniversary-carrier/ Watts, J. (2014).Malaysia Airlines Response to MH17 Loss Over Ukraine Calmer than MH370.WSJ. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/malaysia-airlines-response-to-mh17-loss-calmer-than-mh370-1405687116 West, K. (2014).Is there a future for Malaysia Airlines after flights MH370 and MH17?.the Guardian. Retrieved 23 April 2017, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/29/is-there-a-future-for-malaysia-airlines

International Political Economy Essay Example

International Political Economy Essay The first chapter of the text deals with the fundamental nature of international political economy (IPE) and some analytical issues related to its multidimensional character. Chapters 2 through 4 are the core chapters of the text that explore the history and policies associated with the three dominant IPE perspectives, namely economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. These theoretical tools are useful in understanding many political, economic, and social issues in the global economy of the past as well as the present. Chapter 5 develops two alternative IPE perspectives—constructivism and feminism—that derive, in part, from the three main outlooks under study. ChaPter 1 What Is International Political Economy? We Are the 99%: A Haitian hillside. Georgina Allen When a philosopher has once laid hold of a favorite principle, which perhaps accounts for many natural effects, he extends the same principle over the whole creation, and reduces to it every phenomenon, though by the most violent and absurd reasoning. Our own mind being narrow and contracted, we cannot extend our conception to the variety and extent of nature . .  . David Hume, â€Å"The Sceptic† 2 The Darkness on the Edge of Town 3 the Darkness on the eDge of town What are the chances you will find a good paying job—or any job for that matter—when you graduate from college in the next few years? Have your parents or people you know lost their jobs, the family home, or a big chunk of their retirement savings? How are you adjusting to the financial crisis? Maybe things haven’t been that bad for you, yet! Reading the headlines of any major newspaper, you might sometimes worry that the world is on the brink of a global economic catastrophe, if not a second Great Depression. We will write a custom essay sample on International Political Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Political Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Political Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The effects of the global economic crisis have made many people feel tense, fearful, and depressed. The collapse of the U. S. housing market in 2007 morphed into a credit   crisis that threatened some of the biggest banks and financial institutions in the United  States and Europe. Government leaders responded with a variety of bank rescue measures and so-called stimulus packages to restart their economies. These interventions angered many ordinary folks who felt that the bailouts rewarded bankers and CEOs who had caused the crisis in the first place. Meanwhile, many people around the world were forced out of their homes and became unemployed. They suffered cuts in social services, health care benefits, and education spending when governments were forced to trim budgets. As we write in late 2012, the hoped-for recovery has proved elusive. Unemployment in the United States is stuck at 7. 9 percent; in the European Union (EU), it has risen to 11. 6 percent (23. 4 percent for young people). Home foreclosures and stagnant incomes continue to place enormous strain on many families’ finances. The EU has fallen into another recession, with countries like Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal so deep in debt that they might slide into national bankruptcy, causing the EU’s monetary system to collapse. People seem to have lost confidence in national and international political institutions that underpin capitalism and democracy. Is this what the Great Transformation from industrial to post-industrial society was supposed to look like? Are globalization and the so-called â€Å"creative destruction† of new technologies shrinking the middle classes in Western countries and permanently shifting economic dynamism to Asia and Latin America? Adding to the sense of gloom are events around the world in the last few years. High oil prices have benefitted giant oil companies while hurting consumers. The giant British Petroleum (BP) oil spill precipitated an environmental catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico. Japan’s Fukushima earthquake and tsunami damaged several nuclear power plants, causing release of dangerous radioactive material across a large swath of territory. High agriculture commodity prices have raised the cost of food and increased levels of world hunger. Because there has been little progress in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, capping carbon emissions, or investing in alternative energy resources, the threat of catastrophic climate change looms larger. And wars in Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, and the Congo are destroying the livelihoods of millions of people. Hope on the Horizon? Is there only gloom and doom around the globe? Surely, no! As we discuss in Chapter 13, emerging powers such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia have dramatically reduced poverty in the last fifteen years and made it possible for hundreds 4 C h a Pte r 1 What Is International Political Economy? f millions of people to join the middle class. Fortunately, they continued to grow at a fairly robust pace after 2007; more jobs, investment, and consumption in these countries helped keep the rest of the world from falling into a deeper recession. For most of the last decade, sub-Saharan Africa has also grown surprisingly fast, thanks in part to high prices for oi l and commodities exports. And the European Union won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize, a reminder that—despite its serious economic and social problems today—the community has advanced the causes of â€Å"peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights† for more than sixty years. Along with these rays of hope are three interrelated global developments that merit discussion at the beginning of this textbook because they are profoundly shaping the international political economy: the Arab Spring, the European sovereign debt crisis, and the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement. Taking place on three different continents since 2011, they have shaken political institutions and spurred waves of political protests in response to a variety of social and economic ills. None of us knows how these momentous developments will play out, but we can be sure that they will affect our daily lives and pocketbooks for many years. Each is a double-edged sword: a potential harbinger of positive change and a potential foreshadowing of worse yet to come. In other words, each development can either help lead to a more stable, prosperous world in which human security is better guaranteed or render divisions within and between societies wider than before so that cooperative relations and a fairer distribution of resources remain ever more elusive goals. The Arab Spring took the world by surprise—a reminder that social scientists still do not have good tools to predict when and why large-scale changes will occur in complex socio-political systems. On December 17, 2010, a Tunisian street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in reaction to harassment by police officers. His death sparked street demonstrations that brought down the Tunisian government one month later. Protests spread like wildfires to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. After eighteen days of mass demonstrations, Egypt’s authoritarian president Hosni Mubarak resigned on February 11, 2011, replaced by a military council. On February 15, residents of Benghazi, Libya, rose up against the regime of Muammar Qaddafi. Following months of NATO bombing and rebel fighting, Qaddafi was killed on October 20, 2011, and a National Transitional Council took power. The dramatic political protests—which captivated television viewers and Twitter-feed followers around the world—created an opportunity for a number of Arab countries to join the community of democratic nations. Yet the crackdown in Syria showed the world how determined some authoritarian leaders in the Middle East are to remain in power—even at the expense of killing tens of thousands of their own citizens. With  the genie of Arab political  opposition out of the bottle, countries in the Middle East and North Africa are rapidly changing. Fortunately, high oil prices and a return to relative stability in many places could improve conditions in 2013. Along with the Arab Spring came President Barack Obama’s withdrawal of all U. S. troops from Iraq at the end of 2011. An ignominious end to an imperial endeavor, the withdrawal seemed to signal that the U. S. public was no longer willing to pay for wars that drain the public treasury. President Obama refocused The Darkness on the Edge of Town 5 U. S. policy on fighting against the Taliban in Afghanistan and ratcheting up pressure on Iran to abandon its effort to develop nuclear weapons. Many analysts believe that Obama’s decisions reveal a significant weakening of U. S. influence in the Middle East. Perhaps to counteract this decline, Obama decided to bolster the American military presence in the Pacific by cultivating ties with countries afraid of China’s rise and stationing 2,500 troops permanently in northern Australia beginning in November 2011. A second development—the European sovereign debt crisis—relentlessly gathered steam after 2010 in the face of a prolonged recession that made it hard for some countries to pay back huge loans to domestic and foreign banks. European Union leaders had hoped to contain the debt problems in Greece and Ireland, but governments in Spain and Portugal also began to have trouble raising new money by issuing new government bonds. All four countries in 2012 had to get financial bailouts in exchange for adopting painful government spending cuts that contributed to high unemployment. Even with help from the European Central Bank, these countries have dire conditions that threaten the stability of the European financial system. Europe’s responses to its debt crisis have stimulated widespread social unrest. Severe austerity measures have spawned street protests throughout the continent and brought changes of government in Greece, Italy, and Spain. Some EU leaders and analysts believe that the crisis will spur European countries to form closer ties, while others foresee the death of the euro and the prospect of national bankruptcies as some countries refuse to pay back onerous loans. If problems worsen in France and Italy, the EU could unravel economically, causing another deep global recession. The crisis is forcing Germany to decide if it is willing to share the costs of making the EU stronger, or if it will pursue its purely national interests. The outcomes will likely cause changes in Europe’s traditionally generous social programs and in Europe’s influence in the world. A third development started as an anti-Wall Street protest in New York City’s Zuccotti Park on September 17, 2011. Two weeks later, the Occupy Wall Street movement had quickly spread to many major U. S. ities, with encampments and â€Å"general assemblies† in public spaces. Similar â€Å"occupations† occurred in Europe, Israel, Chile, and Australia. Although the majority of participants in the OWS social movement have been students, union workers, progressive activists, and the unemployed, their ideas seemed to resonate with a significant number of the middl e class. Calling themselves the â€Å"99%† (in contrast to the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans), OWS protestors criticized financial institutions, condemned Wall Street greed, and called for a reduction of corporate control over the democratic process. Although OWS encampments disappeared, the movement took up new campaigns in 2012, including efforts to stop home foreclosures and reduce student debt. What do these three developments have in common? While each has its own causes, the protestors collectively represent a reaction to corrupt government and growing inequality. In three large regions—the Middle East, Europe, and North America—movements sought protection from financial and cultural globalization that left people feeling at the mercy of market forces. In many cases, protestors felt that they were unfairly forced to bail out the wealthy but denied a chance to share many of the benefits of previous growth. Austerity policies that many governments 6 C h a Pte r 1 What Is International Political Economy? had adopted since 2008—and even earlier in the Arab countries—cut into a host of public social programs such as education and relief for the poor. Many disgruntled citizens disagreed with their leaders, who argued that such reductions were necessary to reduce the size of government, balance national budgets, and stimulate economic recovery. While Arabs claimed a political voice that had been squashed by decades of dictatorial rule, Americans and Europeans seemed to demand a new kind of politics freed from the grip of special interests and big money. In all three cases, elites who were supposed to be the experts on political and financial affairs suddenly were at a loss to explain why things had gotten so bad under their watch. With a loss of faith in Arab regimes, EU leaders, and U. S. bankers came a certain â€Å"denaturalization† of ruling ideologies such as economic liberalism. A new emphasis was placed on democratic participation and economic fairness. Despite a new zeitgeist in the air in three continents, old political and economic institutions were still resilient. Many regimes held firm in the Middle East. American banks grew even bigger after government bailouts, and more money than ever poured into the campaign war chests of Democratic and Republican political candidates. EU political elites continued to make deals that seemed designed to save big investors and banks rather than ordinary citizens. The alternatives to the old did not always promise a better future, either. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring, Islamists like Egypt’s new president Mohamed Morsi made their own undemocratic power grabs, seeking to impose religiously conservative policies and weaken women’s rights. Reactions against austerity in Europe strengthened extreme right-wing parties in Greece and France while fueling anti-EU or secessionist sentiments in the United Kingdom and Catalonia. And by refusing to organize and engage in â€Å"normal† politics, the OWS forces dissipated—leaving normal two-party gridlock in Washington after the November 2012 elections. The Road Ahead By discussing above the three big developments, as well as the problems and promises in the global economy, we have hopefully given you a sense of some of the important phenomena we seek to understand in international political economy. Not unsurprisingly, there are fierce debates about the causes of current crises and the best solutions to them. One of the arguments we make in this text is that to adequately describe and explain the current global financial crisis—or any of the other issues covered in the different chapters—we must use an analytical approach that synthesizes methods and insights derived from economics, political science, and sociology as conditioned by an understanding of history and philosophy. As you delve deeper into the material, you will learn a variety of theories and analytical tools that help us interpret the interrelationships of the state, arket, and society in different nations. The IPE method bridges different academic disciplines to better explain complex, real-world problems that span physical and intellectual boundaries. While this statement might sound a bit formal and confusing at this point, keep in mind that we do not think you need to be an economics major, a specialist in finance, The What, Why, and How of International Political Economy 7 or a Middle East expert to underst and the basic parameters of the global financial crisis or the Arab Spring. This book is written for students who have limited background in political science, economics, or sociology, as well as for those who want to review an assortment of topics in preparation for graduate school. In the next section, we look at how to study IPE—its three distinct analytical perspectives and a number of methodological issues with which IPE students should become acquainted. All the chapters in the book cover important theoretical and policy issues that have connections to the three developments we have mentioned—and to many more. In this way, we hope students might better understand different dimensions of the problems and then make some reasoned judgments about how to solve them. Later in this chapter, we discuss the popular phenomenon of globalization as a way to introduce students to many of the political-economic conditions that led up to the global financial crisis. Many IPE experts have asserted that the economic liberal ideas behind globalization may have contributed to the crisis. Opinions differ, however, on whether or not the crisis signals the end of laissez-faire economic policies, or even the end of capitalism itself. he what, why, anD how of InternatIonal PolItICal eConomy Our discussion of the financial crisis and its consequences makes clear that today’s complex issues can no longer be easily analyzed and understood by using any single set of disciplinary methods and concepts. Those who study IPE are, in essence, breaking down the analytical and conceptual boundaries between politics, e conomics, and sociology to produce a unique explanatory framework. Following are several examples of questions that traditional academic disciplines might ask as they seek to explain the global financial crisis. Each discipline focuses on different actors and interests:  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦  ¦ International Relations: How much has the financial crisis detracted from the ability of states to pay for military defense? How has the crisis affected the conditions of war or terrorism in poor states? As Europe, Japan, and the United States struggle, will emerging countries like China, India, and Brazil gain more political influence in international institutions? International Economics: How has the crisis impacted foreign investment, international trade, and the values of different currencies? Comparative Politics: What is the capability of political institutions within different nations to respond to the needs of the unemployed? What new political forces are emerging and with what effects on political coalitions? Sociology: How has the crisis affected consumption trends for different groups such as the upper, middle, and lower classes? How do the effects of inequality vary on the basis of ethnicity and gender? Anthropology: How have different societies in history dealt with crises related to how they allocate scarce resources? And how have these crises impacted their cultures, values, and societal norms? 8 C h a Pte r 1 What Is International Political Economy? Focusing on a narrow range of methods and issues enhances intellectual specialization and analytical efficiency. But any single discipline offers an incomplete explanation of global events. Specialization promotes a sort of scholarly blindness or distorted view that comes from using only one set of analytical methods and concepts to explain what most decidedly is a complex problem that could benefit from a multidisciplinary perspective. What Is International Political Economy? When defining IPE, we make a distinction between the term â€Å"international political economy† and the acronym IPE. The former refers to what we study—commonly referred to as a subject area or field of inquiry that involves tensions among states, markets, and societal actors. In this text, we tend to focus on a variety of actors and issues that are either â€Å"international† (between nation-states) or â€Å"transnational† (across the national borders of two or more states). Increasingly today, many analysts use the term â€Å"global political economy† instead of â€Å"international political economy† to explain problems such as climate change, hunger, and illicit markets that have spread over the entire world, and not just a few nations. In this book, we often use these two terms interchangeably. The acronym IPE also connotes a method of inquiry that is multidisciplinary. IPE fashions the tools of analysis of its antecedent disciplines so as to more accurately describe and explain the ever-changing relationships between governments, businesses, and social forces across history and in different geographical areas. What are some of the central elements of the antecedent fields of study that contribute to IPE? First, IPE includes a political dimension that accounts for the use of power by  a variety of actors, including individuals, domestic groups, states (acting as single units), international organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and transnational corporations (TNCs). All these actors make decisions about the distribution of tangible things such as money and products or intangible things such as security and innovation. In almost all cases, politics involves the making of rules pertaining to how states and societies achieve their goals. Another aspect of politics is the kind of public and private institutions that have the authority to pursue different goals. Second, IPE involves an economic dimension that deals with how scarce resources are distributed among individuals, groups, and nation-states. A variety of public and private institutions allocate resources on a day-to-day basis in local markets where we shop. Today, a market is not just a place where people go to buy or exchange something face to face with the product’s maker. The market can also be thought of as a driving force that shapes human behavior. When consumers buy things, when investors purchase stocks, and when banks lend money, their depersonalized transactions constitute a vast, sophisticated web of relationships that coordinate economic activities all over the world. Political scientist Charles Lindblom makes an interesting case that the economy The What, Why, and How of International Political Economy is actually nothing more than a system for coordinating social behavior! What people eat, their occupation, and even what they do when not working are all organized around different agricultural, labor, and relaxation markets. In effect, markets often perform a social function of â€Å"coordination without a coordinator. †1 Third, the works of such notables as Charles Lindblom and economists Robert Heilbroner an d Lester Thurow help us realize that IPE does not reflect enough the societal dimension of different international problems. A growing number of IPE scholars argue that states and markets do not exist in a social vacuum. There are usually many different social groups within a state that share identities, norms, and associations based on tribal ties, ethnicity, religion, or gender. Likewise, a variety of transnational groups (referred to as global civil society) have interests that cut across national boundaries. A host of NGOs have attempted to pressure national and international organizations on issues such as climate change, refugees, migrant workers, and gender-based exploitation. All of these groups are purveyors of ideas that potentially generate tensions between them and other groups but play a major role in shaping global behavior. How to Study IPE: Contrasting Perspectives and Methodologies The three dominant perspectives of IPE are economic liberalism, mercantilism, and structuralism. Each focuses on the relationships between a variety of actors and institutions. A strict distinction between these perspectives is quite arbitrary and has been imposed by disciplinary tradition, at times making it difficult to appreciate their connections to one another. Each perspective emphasizes different values, actors, and solutions to policy problems but also overlooks some important elements highlighted by the other two perspectives. Economic liberalism (particularly neoliberalism—see Chapter 2) is most closely associated with the study of markets. Later we will explain why there is an increasing gap between orthodox economic liberals (OELs), who champion free markets and free trade, and heterodox interventionist liberals (HILs), who support more state regulation and trade protection to sustain markets. Increasingly, HILs have stressed that markets work best when they are embedded in (connected to) society and when the state intervenes to resolve problems that markets alone cannot handle. In fact, many HILs acknowledge that markets are the source of many of these problems. Many liberal values and ideas are the ideological foundation of the globalization campaign. They are derived from notable thinkers such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Maynard Keynes, Friedrich Hayek, and Milton Friedman. The laissez-faire principle, that the state should leave the economy alone, is attributed to Adam Smith. More recently, economic liberal ideas have been associated with former president Ronald Reagan and his acolytes, who contended that economic growth is best achieved when the government severely limits its involvement (interference) in the economy. Under pure market conditions (i. e. , the absence of state intervention or social influences), people are assumed to behave â€Å"rationallyâ₠¬  (see Chapter 2). 10 C h a Pte r 1 What Is International Political Economy? That is, they will naturally seek to maximize their gains and limit their losses when producing and selling things. They have strong desires to exchange and to generate wealth by competing with others for sales in local and international markets. According to OELs, people should strongly value economic efficiency— the ability to use and distribute resources effectively and with little waste. Why is efficiency so important? When an economy is inefficient, scarce resources go unused or could be used in other ways that would be more beneficial to society. This idea has been applied to the new global economy and is one of the basic principles behind globalization. Mercantilism (also called economic nationalism) is most closely associated with the political philosophy of realism, which focuses on state efforts to accumulate wealth and power to protect society from physical harm or the influence of other states (see Chapters 3 and 9). In theory, the state is a legal entity and an autonomous system of institutions that governs a specific geographic territory and a â€Å"nation. † Since the mid-seventeenth century, the state has been the dominant actor in the international community based on the principle that it has the authority to exercise sovereignty (final authority) over its own affairs. States use two types of power to protect themselves. Hard power refers to tangible military and economic assets employed to compel, coerce, influence, fend off, or defeat enemies and competitors. Soft power comprises selective tools that reflect and project a country’s cultural values, beliefs, and ideals. Through the use of movies, cultural exports and exchanges, information, and diplomacy, a state can convince others that the ideas it sponsors are legitimate and should be adopted. Soft power can in many ways be more effective than hard power because it rests on persuasion and mutual exchange. For example, Nobel Peace Prize recipient Barack Obama partly regained some of the world’s support for the United States through a discourse emphasizing multilateral cooperation. Structuralism is rooted in Marxist analysis but not limited to it (see Chapter 4). It looks at IPE issues mainly in terms of how different social classes are shaped by the dominant economic structure. It is most closely associated with the methods of analysis many sociologists employ. Structuralists emphasize that markets have never existed in a social vacuum. Some combination of social, economic, and political forces establishes, regulates, and preserves them. As we will see in the case of the financial crisis, even the standards used to judge the effectiveness of market systems reflect the dominant values and beliefs of those forces. The Benefits of IPE Each perspective in IPE sheds light on some aspects of a problem particularly well, but casts a shadow on other important aspects. By using a combination of the three dominant IPE methods and concepts (outlined in Table 1-1), we can move to the big picture—the most comprehensive and compelling explanation of global processes. Not surprisingly, mixing together the disciplines of economics, political science, and sociology gives rise to an analytical problem: It is difficult to establish a single explanation to any IPE issue because each discipline has its own set of analytical concepts, core beliefs, and methodologies. Does this weaken the utility of IPE? Not at all. We must recognize that IPE is not a â€Å"hard science†; it may never The What, Why, and How of International Political Economy 11 able 1-1 Conflicting Political economic Perspectives about state–market relations in Capitalist societies Monetarism (Orthodox Economic Liberals) Main Ideas about Capitalism â€Å"Laissez-faire†; minimal state intervention and regulation of the economy Keynesian (Heterodox Interventionist Economic Liberals) The state primes (injects money— liquidity) into the economy to restore confidence in it and to stabilize it Efficiency mixed with a variety of state political and social objectives D evelopmental State Model (Mercantilism) Socialism (Structuralism) Social Democracy (Structuralism) The state plays a proactive role in the economy to guide and protect its major industries The state controls the economy. Prices set by state officials. Emphasis on state planning and agenda setting The government cooperates with businesses to promote economic growth and distribution Values Economic efficiency, technology, open and integrated international markets, globalization Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, â€Å"the Chicago School† National security, Equality state-managed economy, relative equality Equity and relative equality Thinkers John Stuart Mills, John Maynard Keynes, Robert Reich, Joseph Stiglitz, Dani Rodrik, Jeff Sachs States use monetary and fiscal policies. Promote â€Å"fair trade† policies that include some protectionist measures Deepak Lal, Jagdish Bhagwati Germany, India, Mexico Friedrich List, Alexander Hamilton, Ha-Joon Chang Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Fidel Castro James Galbraith, Robert Kuttner Policy Tools Preferably few. Monetary and fiscal policies necessary at times to help market function well. Free trade Protectionist industrial and trade policies oftentimes necessary to make markets work and enhance national wealth and welfare Ha-Joon Chang Japan, South Korea Monetary, fiscal, and fair trade policies that redistribute income to everyone in society States use monetary and fiscal policies to redistribute income Trade Policy Experts State Examples Doug Irwin, Martin Wolf Hong Kong, U. S. , Great Britain Walden Bello, Benjamin Barber Former East Germany, China before 1982 Amartya Sen Sweden 12 C h a Pte r 1 What Is International Political Economy? stablish a comprehensive theory with easily testable propositions about cause and effect. The world is a messy laboratory. Social science has always reflected this in explanations of human behavior. IPE today represents an effort to return to the  kind of analysis done by political theorists and philosophers before the study of human social behavior became fragmented into the discrete fields of social science. Both Adam Smith and Karl Marx, for example, considered themselves to be political-economists in the broadest sense of the term. One of our goals is to point out ways in which by mixing the elements of different disciplines we are better able to explain the global political economy. One of the ways of doing this is to think of the antecedent disciplines of IPE as varieties of plants. Just as new plant varieties are produced by splicing parts of them together, since the early 1970s the mixing of disciplinary approaches has gradually helped an appreciation of the traditional idea of international political economy re-emerge, resulting in a productive and powerful hybrid field of study called IPE. So what does the new mixture look like? To help answer this question, Susan Strange suggests that we focus on a number of common analytical and conceptual issues that cut across disciplinary boundaries. For her, the starting point for studying the connections and relationships between states, markets, and society is to focus on the question of cui bono? Who benefits from complex interactions in the international political economy? 5 One good example is Pietra Rivoli’s book The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy that examines a â€Å"commodity chain. 6 Rivoli traces a T-shirt from the time the cotton in it is grown in West Texas, to textile manufacturing in China, to sales in the United States, and then on to Africa, where many donated T-shirts end up being sold in local markets. Her work examines the process by which a T-shirt is made, transported, marketed, and then